Figures who developed the theory of social exchange, among others, psychologist John Thibaut and Kelley Harlod (1959), sociologist George Homans (1961), Richard Emerson (1962), and Peter Blau (1964).
These theories view interpersonal relationships as a commercial transaction.People relate to other people because they expect something that meets their needs. Thibaut and Kelley, the main leaders of this theory is the theory concludes as follows: "The basic assumption underlying all of our analysis is that each individual voluntarily enter and remain in the social relations just as long as the relationship is quite satisfactory in terms of rewards and costs". Based on this theory, we enter into exchange relationships with other people because of him we get in return. In other words, exchange relations with others will result in a reward for us. Social exchange theory was seen between the behavior of the environment there is a relationship of mutual influence (reciprocal). Because our environment is generally made up of other people, then we and others have seen these behaviors influence each other in this relationship there are elements of reward (reward), sacrifice (cost) and profit (profit). Remuneration is anything gained by the sacrifice, the sacrifice is all that inevitable, and profits are reduced by a sacrifice in return. So social behavior consists of the exchange at least between two people based on cost-benefit calculation. For example, patterns of behavior in the workplace, romance, marriage, friendship - that will only be lasting when all parties involved feel teruntungkan. So a person's behavior raised since by his calculations, would be advantageous for him, and vice versa if the behavior is not detrimental to the show.Four Concepts pokokGanjaran, costs, profits, and the comparison of the four basic concepts in this theory.
Reward is any positive result obtained is considered a person of a relationship.Reward in money, social acceptance or endorsement of the value of the holding. A reward value varies from one to another, and are different from one time to another time. Create a rich social acceptance may be more valuable than money. Make the poor, interpersonal relationships that can overcome its economic difficulties is more rewarding than the relationship that adds to knowledge.
Cost is considered negative consequences that occur in a relationship. Costs could include time, effort, conflict, anxiety, and collapse of self-esteem and other conditions that can deplete the source of individual wealth or can cause effects that are not pleasant. As a reward, no matter the cost varies according to time and people involved in it.
Outcome or profit is the reward of reduced costs. If an individual feels, in an interpersonal relationship, that he did not earn a profit at all, he would look for other profitable relationships. For example, you have friends who are stingy and stupid.You helped a lot, but that just does not break up a friendship with him. Your assistance (cost) was greater than the value of friendship (reward) you receive. You lose. According to social exchange theory, your relationships with friends stingy it is easy to crack and was replaced by a new relationship with another person.
Rate comparison shows the raw size (standard) is used as a criterion in assessing the relationship between the individual at the present time. This default size can be either an individual experiences in the past or other connection alternatives open to him. If in the past, an individual experiencing a satisfying interpersonal relationships, the comparison falls. If a girl had any contact with fellow men in a happy relationship, it will measure the interpersonal relationship with another male friend of his experience with a male friend earlier. The more happy she in previous interpersonal relationships, the higher the level of the comparison, then the more difficult it obtain satisfactory interpersonal relationships.
Homans in his "Elementary Forms of Social Behavior, 1974 issued several propositions and one of them reads:" Any action taken by someone, the more often a particular action form get in return, the more likely the person was showing certain actions ". This proposition is explicitly clear that a particular action will be done if there is a return over and over. Another proposition which also reinforces the proposition reads: "The higher the value of a deed for someone, the greater the likelihood the act was repeated again". For Homans, social exchange is the basic principle of "distributive justice" - a rule which says that a reward should be worth the investment. Well-known proposition in relation to this principle states that "a person in exchange relationships with other people will expect a reward received by each party is proportional to the issuance of sacrifice - the sacrifice tingghi, the higher the return - and the benefits received by each party should be proportional to its investment - the higher the investment, the higher the profit ". The essence of social learning theory and social exchange is a person's social behavior can only be explained by something that can be observed, not by the mentalistic (black-box).All theories are influenced by this perspective emphasizes the direct relationship between the observed behavior with the environment.
ObyektifTeori approach to social exchange in the objective approach. This approach is called "objective" based on the view that objects, behaviors and events exist in a world that can be observed by the senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell), measurable and predictable.
Social Exchange Theory assumes people connect with other people because they expect something that meets their needs. In the objective approach tends to regard man as they observe the passive and changes caused by social forces outside themselves. This approach also argue, to a certain degree of human behavior can be predicted, although the forecast is not as precise predictions of natural behavior.In other words, the laws that apply to human behavior is likely (probabilistic). For example, if a student is more studious, they (probably) will get a better value; if we are friendly to others, others (probably) will be gracious unto us; when husband and wife often quarreled, they (may) be divorced.
Sources:
Module 4 & Module 6 Theory of Communication Farid Hamid M Si
Perspectives in Social Psychology Hasan Mustafa
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