Case of the International Communication

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION

The development of international communication throughout the 20th century was influenced by a variety of historical conditions. First, the cold war and the struggle for hegemony between the political economy of the United States and the Soviet Union, which either directly or indirectly involved all countries in the world. The world became the arena is not just a political battle, but also fight information.

Second, the rise of new countries / developing that could be indicated with the birth of various solidarity movements, which in the area of ​​communication with the birth of the movement represented a new world information order.

Third, the formation of the world economic system toward globalization, which encourages ongoing communication between countries to support economic interests. Lastly, is that despite the development of communication technology to accelerate the drainage flow of information, but also tend to widen the economic gap between developed and developing countries.

In discussing this brief paper, we will critically discuss various issues that had become a grand issue in the world of international communication.

  

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

GRAND COMMUNICATIONS IN VARIOUS INTERNATIONAL ISSUE

Along with the high intensity of communication and hard effort to achieve the interests and goals, it not infrequently happens crisis communications. This crisis occurred because of the difference or disagreement, as well as due to conflict of interests or goals that do not arrive at a common ground.

Problems that occur related to the world of international communication is a macro reality that must be reviewed more specifically based on particular perspectives. To that end, this will be explained under various issue - which could certainly be a grand issue in international communications into multiple perspectives including; Propagandistik, kulturalistik, journalism, business and diplomatic.

A. Perspective Propagandistik

US-Iraq invasion

In 2003, the United States with the assistance of Britain and other countries launched an offensive invasion of Iraq. Based on information from the U.S. President, George W. Bush and British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, the reason for the invasion of Iraq was to disarm weapons of mass destruction (weapons of mass destruction), to end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism, and to liberate the Iraqi people. While Tony Blair himself said that the main trigger of the attack was Saddam's unwillingness to give up weapons of mass destruction whether it be nuclear, biological, or chemical.

American invasion of Iraq was never separated from the media spotlight. Most television networks tried to mobilize the community by posting memorable events that support the attack. Society itself proved six times more like to informed sources who voiced pro-invasion than those who opposed the invasion. New York Times, one of the most influential newspaper in America, many times published an article describing Saddam Hussein's efforts in making weapons of mass destruction. Furthermore, there are various business connection between Saddam Hussein with Osama bin Laden and the terrorist attacks on the WTC on 9 September 2001. But it turns out the preaching-preaching is not necessarily true. Even once the New York Times was forced to issue a written notice that one of their article titled "U.S. Says Hussein intensifies quest for A-Bomb Parts" ("The United States Says Hussein Promote Making Parts A-Bomb") is biased and inaccurate.

World rather than turn a blind eye to the reasons given America through the medium.Since its inception, has emerged a variety of protests and a motion of disapproval will be held at the invasion. In January 2003 the CBS conducted a poll whose results are most Americans approve of military action against Iraq, but 63% of them prefer a peaceful settlement rather than resort to violence, and they also believe that acts of terrorism against America would only increase if the invasion is completely done.Similarly, the American allied countries such as Germany, France and Canada that are not found evidence of a weapon of mass destruction and is considered an attack against a country is not justified.

Dated February 15, 2003, there were large demonstrations reject the Iraq invasion that occurred in Rome and followed by three million demonstrators were so recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records as the anti-war demonstrations in the world.But all opposition was not able to prevent the occurrence of the Second Gulf War.

The first American tactics in Iraq called the "Black Propaganda", by using its own Iraqi-owned media to spread their propaganda. One example is Radio Tikrit, a fake radio station run support Saddam but instead contain information that is pro-American. Another example is the United States often pay Iraqi newspapers to publish articles written by U.S. soldiers themselves. Another tactic of the United States is through a campaign of "Voice of America", the news is true, but often "censored" in certain parts. The Americans also often use a variety of leaflets are essentially pro-American. Various propaganda do Americans make daily Chicago Tribune and the Los Angeles Times accused the U.S. government has manipulated the news in Iraq so that their actions are under scrutiny as well as to lower the moral support of Iraqi forces.

In his own country, America is running a variety of propaganda during the war.Community since its inception has been a perception that this invasion was to "fight terror". With American news bias and persuasive, the government managed to steer the society's negative views toward Iraq. U.S. aims to counter the influence of Saddam Hussein with weapons of mass destruction embed image and Osama bin Laden to the Iraqi president. Various video and images of torture and crimes committed in the Iraqi government also presented to the public assumes a negative impact on the American enemy.

After the American invasion ended, what was gained in Iraq is not in accordance with the primary objective attacks. Although the Americans came to Iraq to "disarm weapons of mass destruction", in 2005 the CIA issued a report that did not find any weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. This reinforces the opinion of the various parties that attacks the USA is owned by Iraq's oil.

B. Perspective Kulturalistik

Claims by the Malaysian Batik

I do not know how much a product of culture and arts Indonesia country claimed by other countries, especially Malaysia. Call it Reog Ponorogo, batik cloth, angklung, rendang, the song Rasa Sayange, until the last, Pendet which clearly belongs to the people of Bali. Fortunately just Norman Abdul Halim, Malaysia documentary film producer, apologized for the claim batik and Pendet Enigmatic Malaysia and stop advertising on the Discovery Chanel.

The government certainly should act quickly, decisively, but also smart. Various arts and cultural products Indonesia must be recorded and registered their property in order to no longer have missed at a later date. and must not be lost in the Indonesian market abroad. The hope, of course, so that strangers are more familiar with the dance, cuisine, Indonesia and other cultural products. If this dance, or art, it has been known to foreigners, it is difficult for other nations to claim it as their own culture.

Fortunately, cases of this kind of cultural theft also gave a blessing in disguise for Indonesia. Since batik claimed the country next door, now many agencies that require the use of batik uniforms on certain days. Young people no longer had to wear batik awkward because the design and continues to evolve to adjust the time of his motives. Friends abroad were increasingly zealous in promoting Indonesian culture to foreigners. Many people in Indonesia who previously ignored the culture of Indonesia, is now becoming more concerned with nationalism and identity of this nation.

UN recognition that care of the issue of education and culture (UNESCO) about batik, which is Indonesia's cultural heritage was well received among the batik artisans in Indonesia. They hope, with UNESCO's recognition of this, each claiming polemic between Indonesia and Malaysia over batik products to an end and not to cases like this would be a pot calling the kettle.

C. Journalistic Perspective

Crisis Communications Denmark and the Islamic World (Case Cartoons of the Prophet)

On 30 September 2005, the Danish newspaper Jylland Posten, published 20 caricatures of the Prophet Muhammad's picture Kurt Westergaard. Publication of the caricature was clearly just reap the anger of Muslims around the world, because in Islam depictions of the Prophet Muhammad himself in any form is prohibited and unlawful hukuumnya. Jyllands Posten is Denmark's largest newspaper.

Six of the twelve cartoons are reprinted in the Egyptian newspaper, El Faqr, on October 30, 2005 to accompany an article that criticized the harsh measures Posten, but then these caricatures have not received the most attention outside Denmark.Only in December 2005, when the Organization of Islamic Conference began to express opposition, then this controversy in the world warms. Some of the caricatures were published in the Norwegian newspaper, Magazinet, on January 10, 2006.German newspaper, Die Welt, the French newspaper France Soir and many other newspapers in Europe as well as newspapers in New Zealand and Jordan.

In Indonesia, there were two mass media published these caricatures, each tabloid Gloria (5 cartoons) and Tabloid MAP. The editor (Editor) Gloria later apologized and interesting publication, while the general leader and Editor of MAP have been charged.

The Danish government regrets the publication of these caricatures, but still put forward the pretext of freedom of the press. The Danish government's attitude is a difficult thing received predominantly Muslim countries.

In the review of diplomatic perspective, the request of the ambassadors to meet with Danish Prime Minister ignored. As a result, the ambassador became disillusioned and angry, and report this to their respective central governments, all of whom raised the issue of this international problem.

Meanwhile, anger spread throughout the Islamic world, ranging from peaceful protest to violent action. In Denmark, a group of people sending mass e-mail to the Muslim world that contains an apology and condemned the publication of the cartoons. Saudi Arabia and Syria protested loudly by recalling their ambassadors to Denmark. Dijalur Gaza, dozens of gunmen surrounded European Union offices. In Najaf, Iraq, hundreds of people rallied while burning the Danish flag. The Iranian government to be even harder to remove and stop the ban on imports of trade relations with Denmark.Danish business enterprises declined drastically due to the action in the Middle East boycott of European products. In Indonesia there is also a strong reaction, and had been a demonstration in front of the Embassy of Denmark.

D. Business Perspective

Financial Crisis 2008

Chronology of financial crisis 2008

The crisis that began when the community of developed countries (the U.S.) live in residential mortgage debt result was a so-called subprime mortgage crisis. financial institutions that provide housing loan facility bankrupt because of loss of liquidity due receivables to the creditors of housing has been mortgaged to the lending institutions that caused the company to be closed and declared bankruptcy due to an inability to pay debts which have matured at the same time.

The impact on share price slump, the collapse of the world dibelahan financial companies, and the unstable world oil prices. The implication, if not out of business, the company took off, or remove employees (mass layoffs).

As a result of bankruptcies of financial firms, causing loss of the world's major financial exchanges. Wall Street which has been known worldwide as a symbol of capitalist economic superiority, the whole helpless. Big names such as Lehman Brothers, American International Group (AIG), Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs and the loss falling. But the financial crisis will soon be venturing into the real sector and non-financial, and will soon hit the world economy without exception.

Impact on the international world

The monetary crisis in the United States this time tremendous impact globally. This can be seen from the panic of investors the world in their efforts to save their money in the stock market. They are busy-busy selling the stock so the stock market freefall.Since early 2008, the Chinese stock market plunged 57%, India 52%, Indonesia 41%, 37% and the euro zone. While the bond market slumped, the developing country's currency weakened and commodity prices plummeted, especially after the oil commodity speculators judged that the economic recession will reduce energy consumption of the world.

On the financial crisis that America's largest rescue in the form of bailout or liquidity assistance to the troubled financial industry amounting to USD700 billion, equivalent to Rp6.500 trillion bailout assistance are decided through a long debate over the past two weeks, involving members of Congress and the presidency.

E. Diplomatic Perspectives

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conference

Issues surrounding nuclear disarmament in the international world has long been discussed and be negotiated by the various countries in the world. And as a result, was held an international forum called the Nuclear Nonproliferation Conference Traktar Assessment.

Konfererensi Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review (NPT), is an international forum that talks about nuclear disarmament, held every five years. The Forum aims to obtain kepakatan-agreements that lead to the creation of an international nuclear-free world.

So far, Iran and the U.S. including the country's most radical differences in the hottest news in the mass media to do with nuclear weapons disarmament. Both the radical state is still soluble in heated debate about the most dangerous weapons in the world.

On the Non-proliferation Treaty Review Conference dated May 3, 2010 in New York, between Iran and U.S. recriminations that actually resulted in the diplomatic deadlock.In fact, Iran led by President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad asked the U.S. to be removed from the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for threatening to use nuclear weapons against Iran (Reuters 5 / 5).

In this conference, Iran became the country's most get a lot of pressure from other nations. Among the U.S., British, and French. Even Canada, urged the UN Security Council to pressure Iran by imposing new sanctions against Iran firmly.

However, Ahmadinejad's name if it is not afraid of such pressures. Ahmadinejad also threatened if sanctions are imposed, then Iran will close the US-Iranian reconciliation.And as a consequence, the relationship between the U.S. and Iran will never get better.

When viewed from the perspective of the purpose of the conference itself, obviously this board has failed to resolve the issues related to disarmament of nuclear weapons world diplomatically. Even worsen the situation, especially the relationship between the U.S. and Iran. And should be held back a reformulation and review of the technical rules concerning nuclear weapons. Since it is unlikely the U.S. pressure on Iran while the U.S. was still wallowing in nuclear weapons.

  

CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

Based on the discussions that have been raised since the beginning to the end of this paper, there are some things we can conclude relevant international communication along with the problems that occur in it, namely:

1. International communication has a vital role in strengthening the unity and existence of a state. In that sense, the position of a country in the international arena is largely determined by the extent to which the state is able to communicate well internationally.

2. In carrying out the policy / international communication activities, both in perspective propagandistik, kulturalistik, journalism, business, or diplomatic, a country should really consider all aspects of the possibilities that will happen. Both are done through diplomatic channels as well as bilateral relations, and so on.

Thus the final conclusion of this paper is simple, to then be used as material for evaluation and benchmarks for students of international communication in the present.Because whatever is done tegantung on what factors have influenced the behavior.

  

REFERENCES

Shoelhi, Muhammad.2009.komunikasi jurnalistik.simbiosaRekatama Media International perspective: New York

Kompas, May 5, 2010