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Selekta Capita Communications


The core of this task is to make a paper about things that could prove that science communication as a multidisciplinary science suati.

 Deadline: 23 September 2006 (the time of this post is past deadline)

Here are the contents of the paper I ...

Methods of research methods in use
in various disciplines

Introduction
Communication is one of the most important and the most complex aspect of human life. Our day to day life is strongly influenced by our communication with others and the messages we receive messages from other people that we do not even know well who have been living and dead, and also the communicator near and far away. Therefore, communication is vital to our lives, so it is fitting that the communication was really get attention.

Expected here, the evidence regarding the nature of communication as a science or a science multidsipliner which includes a variety of other disciplines.Communication itself is part of the social sciences is as it should stand alone.

Communication is a science, because science includes aspects of the structure of an axiology, and ontology epitomologi. Axiology deminsi questioned the utility (avail, the role and usefulness). Epistomologi explain norms of science used to justify himself. While the ontology of the material structure of science.Communication to meet all aspects of a science, therefore communication can stand alone as a science.

Content of the problem
Communication is central to all human experience. It is in realizing the many stakeholders from different disciplines, both from the traditional disciplines (science and literature) as well as social science itself.

Human experience is recorded in a journal and later developed into a theory and become a science. In these notes there is a study, the research could take the scientific method and the method of literature.

The study scientific method
Here the scientists tried to see the world in a way similar to that used by others, they use the same method as that used by others to produce something that the results are identical, this is the need to show some objectivity. Given the similarities in the measurement values ​​are standardized and can prove that the method is valid.
It could be said that this method is related to communication, because some aspects of communication in use;
collection of information which then becomes the source of information, the above can be seen that the scientific scientists using the same method to produce an identical, they collect information to make their research shopped into an objective.
Message, the message they are trying to convey the results of their research, which is then recorded in the journals and disseminated spread.
The results of these studies will give rise to effects, and the essence of communication is to see the effects of an event, and events here is the scientific research process sebauh

Research by the method of literature
If the methods of scientific research is more in focus for the objectivity, the more literary method aims to find creative personality, subjective responses separately to understand the response of each of each individual, therefore the study results with this method is more personal, and look for alternative interpretations. At its base the study by this method was almost the same, but because it comes from two different sides so it looks like can not be fused. Why can diblang same, because they need information and communication.
In research with infrormasi collection methods also exist, there is a recording of the journal, and also at its end to see the effect that caused. All the foundation of communication is here, it shows that communication is terpentih in research methods.

Discussion
Communication involves understanding how people behave in creating a message.Therefore, communication research methods combine scientific and literary.Communication as a social science is very varied from the use of literary elements to the scientific elements. Traditionally the theory of literature on communication theory known as the theory of rhetoric. While understanding the theory of scientific theory is a theory of communication. Such separation should tidah need exists because communication is a multidisciplinary science, communication itself is a method that includes both the literary and the scientific method, the second is the same as in the account in the scientific world of communications.

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Review of electronic communications media as a component of Communication Technology


Communication Technology

Lecturer Ir. True Prayudi

Understanding Telecommunications

(Article 1 of Law no. 36 of 99):

Telecommunications is any transmission, emission, or reception of any information in the form of signs, signals, writings, images, sounds, and sound through the wire, optical, radio or other electromagnetic systems

Terminal Subsystem:
Instrument / telecommunication device in the form of electronic media is placed in the position of the beginning / end of a network system that serves to send / receive information
Switching subsystem:
Tool / implement telecommunications equipment that serves the telecommunications connection between the terminal on request
The transmission subsystem:
Tools / telecommunications equipment that serves as a media liaison between the information terminal
Power subsystem:
Tool / device that serves as a provider of telecommunications power source
Terminal Subsystem:
Telephone
Plane Telegraph
Facsimilie
Data terminal
Computer
Studio and Receiver Radio / Television
Cell Phones

Telephone
The phone is the meaning of the voice from a distance
Based on the way to call
Select the Automatic Telephone aircraft wheels (rotary dial) is used in automatic telephone exchange, with wheels that generates digit select
Automatic Telephone Push Button (push button dial) central automaton, with the digit
Based on the Use of Aids:
Public Telephone Box With Coin payphone, method of payment using coins
Public Telephone Cards (TUK) payment by card
Based on the freedom of mobility:
Fix Telephone Line / PSTN (Public Switching Telephone Network) fixed public telephone network / not moving
Cellular Telephone (Cell Phone)
 mobile telephone networks (AMPS, GSM, PCS)

Cell Phones
Commonly called the Mobile. Sejal been introduced in Indonesia in 1979 by PT.INTI (Telecommunications Industry). Network when it was known by Mobile Telephone Connection (STB)
STB technology lasted for half a decade since the Year 1986 Technology Cell Phones into NMT-450 (Nordic Mobile Telephone) is introduced by PT. Rajasa Hazanah Mighty
In 1990, PT. Elektrindo Nusantara started to introduce a service that introduces Technology Cell Phones AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System). AMPS is set by the government as telecommunications (Cellular Mobile Telephone System) National.
Analog AMPS systems are widely used in North America, Australia, and Asia.While Europe uses a different cellular NMT-450 for example, NMT-900. Therefore, Europe and build a system with a system GSM (Groupe Spesiale Mobile) in 1982.Was originally designed to operate at 900 MHz
In Indonesia the GSM system was introduced in 1993 as the Global System for Mobile Communication (Global System Mobile Communications) which is also abbreviated to GSM.
GSM system uses digital technology. With the digital system is a single channel can be used by many customers, while the AMPS one channel is used only for one customer.
Currently being tested system PCS (Personal Communication System) to be applied in Indonesia. This system works at a frequency of 1800 MHz and has been used in the United States, Japan, Hongkong, Singapore, and Korea. The Government has not implemented a policy for the application of PCS systems in Indonesia today.

Plane Telegraph
Telegraph can be defined as the process of delivering the news / information in the form of images, or graphics, signs, signals over long distances through the telegraph
Judging from the device used to distribute information telegraph telegraph relations can be divided into two systems:
Morse system
This system was invented by Samuel F.B. Morse (1832).
By using aircraft Morse telegraph transmission of information is done by knocking the signs through word of morse key.
Signs are posted in the form of codes that are a combination of dots and dashes
Example:
a =. __
b = __ ...
ab =. ____ ...

Plane teleprinter
Telegraph systems using the teleprinter is a further development in the field telegraph. The principle is to type a long distance by using the keyboard.
Teleprinter system consists of:
Keyboard, the function writes the message
Transmitter, function sends message
Receiver, serves to receive messages
Printer, serves mencatak message
Control Unit, serves as a central control, such a CPU of a computer

Facsimile plane
Besides the aircraft Telegraph, we know the plane Telephoto. Telephoto means sending pictures from a distance. Telephoto plane now better known as the Aircraft Facsmile. Facsimile is basically a copy machine remotely

Data Terminal plane
The aircraft is part of Terminal Data Processing Engineering Data that is capable of transmitting digital data over communications networks. Communication that occurs frequently we call the Data Communications.
Data Terminal plane could be computers or other hardware
Studio and Receiver Radio / Television
Studio Radio / Television is a terminal that serves mnegirimkan information in the form of sound or images and sounds
Plane Radio / Television is a terminal that serves to receive the information in the form of sound or images and sounds

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Social Exchange Theory


Figures who developed the theory of social exchange, among others, psychologist John Thibaut and Kelley Harlod (1959), sociologist George Homans (1961), Richard Emerson (1962), and Peter Blau (1964). 
 These theories view interpersonal relationships as a commercial transaction.People relate to other people because they expect something that meets their needs. Thibaut and Kelley, the main leaders of this theory is the theory concludes as follows: "The basic assumption underlying all of our analysis is that each individual voluntarily enter and remain in the social relations just as long as the relationship is quite satisfactory in terms of rewards and costs". Based on this theory, we enter into exchange relationships with other people because of him we get in return. In other words, exchange relations with others will result in a reward for us. Social exchange theory was seen between the behavior of the environment there is a relationship of mutual influence (reciprocal). Because our environment is generally made up of other people, then we and others have seen these behaviors influence each other in this relationship there are elements of reward (reward), sacrifice (cost) and profit (profit). Remuneration is anything gained by the sacrifice, the sacrifice is all that inevitable, and profits are reduced by a sacrifice in return. So social behavior consists of the exchange at least between two people based on cost-benefit calculation. For example, patterns of behavior in the workplace, romance, marriage, friendship - that will only be lasting when all parties involved feel teruntungkan. So a person's behavior raised since by his calculations, would be advantageous for him, and vice versa if the behavior is not detrimental to the show.Four Concepts pokokGanjaran, costs, profits, and the comparison of the four basic concepts in this theory. 

Reward is any positive result obtained is considered a person of a relationship.Reward in money, social acceptance or endorsement of the value of the holding. A reward value varies from one to another, and are different from one time to another time. Create a rich social acceptance may be more valuable than money. Make the poor, interpersonal relationships that can overcome its economic difficulties is more rewarding than the relationship that adds to knowledge. 
Cost is considered negative consequences that occur in a relationship. Costs could include time, effort, conflict, anxiety, and collapse of self-esteem and other conditions that can deplete the source of individual wealth or can cause effects that are not pleasant. As a reward, no matter the cost varies according to time and people involved in it. 
Outcome or profit is the reward of reduced costs. If an individual feels, in an interpersonal relationship, that he did not earn a profit at all, he would look for other profitable relationships. For example, you have friends who are stingy and stupid.You helped a lot, but that just does not break up a friendship with him. Your assistance (cost) was greater than the value of friendship (reward) you receive. You lose. According to social exchange theory, your relationships with friends stingy it is easy to crack and was replaced by a new relationship with another person. 
Rate comparison shows the raw size (standard) is used as a criterion in assessing the relationship between the individual at the present time. This default size can be either an individual experiences in the past or other connection alternatives open to him. If in the past, an individual experiencing a satisfying interpersonal relationships, the comparison falls. If a girl had any contact with fellow men in a happy relationship, it will measure the interpersonal relationship with another male friend of his experience with a male friend earlier. The more happy she in previous interpersonal relationships, the higher the level of the comparison, then the more difficult it obtain satisfactory interpersonal relationships. 
 Homans in his "Elementary Forms of Social Behavior, 1974 issued several propositions and one of them reads:" Any action taken by someone, the more often a particular action form get in return, the more likely the person was showing certain actions ". This proposition is explicitly clear that a particular action will be done if there is a return over and over. Another proposition which also reinforces the proposition reads: "The higher the value of a deed for someone, the greater the likelihood the act was repeated again". For Homans, social exchange is the basic principle of "distributive justice" - a rule which says that a reward should be worth the investment. Well-known proposition in relation to this principle states that "a person in exchange relationships with other people will expect a reward received by each party is proportional to the issuance of sacrifice - the sacrifice tingghi, the higher the return - and the benefits received by each party should be proportional to its investment - the higher the investment, the higher the profit ". The essence of social learning theory and social exchange is a person's social behavior can only be explained by something that can be observed, not by the mentalistic (black-box).All theories are influenced by this perspective emphasizes the direct relationship between the observed behavior with the environment. 
ObyektifTeori approach to social exchange in the objective approach. This approach is called "objective" based on the view that objects, behaviors and events exist in a world that can be observed by the senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell), measurable and predictable. 

Social Exchange Theory assumes people connect with other people because they expect something that meets their needs. In the objective approach tends to regard man as they observe the passive and changes caused by social forces outside themselves. This approach also argue, to a certain degree of human behavior can be predicted, although the forecast is not as precise predictions of natural behavior.In other words, the laws that apply to human behavior is likely (probabilistic). For example, if a student is more studious, they (probably) will get a better value; if we are friendly to others, others (probably) will be gracious unto us; when husband and wife often quarreled, they (may) be divorced. 
Sources: 

Module 4 & Module 6 Theory of Communication Farid Hamid M Si 

Perspectives in Social Psychology Hasan Mustafa 
...

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Television and Women Politicians


Television and Women Politicians: 

Representation Studies, Assessment of Women and the idea of ​​Representation of Women in Parliament in 2009 legislative elections 

In Television 


DR. Widodo Muktiyo [1] 



Keyword: television, representation, women Politician, 2009 legislative election. 


Television is one of the mass media and the role that has so much in the context of the 2009 legislative elections in Indonesia. Even Burton (2007: 7) reveals that television is able to shape how we think about the world. As one form of mass media television, what television would appear to consider the so-called news value. Such as the proximity (closeness), relevance (relevance), rarity or negativity (negativity), and the significance of events (significance) of the reported events, for example, is usually the basis for consideration of the news (McQuail, 1997: 270-271). 

As we all know, the issue of women representation in parliament (the DPR, DPD, the DPRD I and DPRD II) is an issue considered by many as an increasingly serious problem. Public discussion on this matter seems also increasingly prevalent in both public forums and in the mass media including television. It thus seems more because so much effort to put 30% of women candidates in parliamentary seats has not been fruitless. Various obstacles seem to appear as real as the public culture such that at least to some degree still do not really support the idea of ​​the importance of women engaged in politics and then also the low interest among women themselves to become politicians. This trend seems to continue until the period of the 2009 legislative elections. 

Meanwhile, other issues such as how to proclaim an event and what the substance of issues highlighted in the news related to the events reported is also an important issue in the news. This issue is more commonly known as a news angle or issue that is also called with the news frame which is actually a media construction of reality (Entman, 1993; Scheufele, 1999). Media construction of reality, of course, also includes the reality of female politicians, may appear in the form of giving emphasis to certain aspects of events or issues in the news, and also in packaging variety talk show, and advertising. 

In the period 2009 legislative elections in Indonesia women politicians (the legislative elections, the leaders and functionaries of political parties) are displayed in the media but it seems the effort to say this performance gain is still relatively less emphasis in the media, especially television. Various news and talk show television variety show, for example, often does bring up the figure of women politicians, especially in the campaign period. But in reality both in news and television talk show figures of politicians from men more often or more displayed.Thus it certainly raises questions about how and why. 

Meanwhile most of the public, including the public in Surakarta, look at how the trends in television shows or represent women politicians, women who pursue the world of politics, with a legislative candidate, incumbent legislator or political party functionaries. 

From here and can show up the views or certain judgments about the subject and also about the role of television in promoting the idea of ​​women's representation in parliament. Can be clearly understood that some of the public referred to in Surakarta is also among women. Among women in Surakarta as part of the public citizens also watch television, watch the news and talk show impressions during the campaign period, with a diverse intentitas. Women among the public is finally also have a view or a variety of assessments is also good on the presence of women in parliament as well as assessment of the role of mass media, especially television in favor of the idea of ​​representation of women in representative institutions, especially the people or parliament DPR, DPD, level I, and DPRD II. 

Referring to the context of this study some important concepts in media studies, especially regarding the representation of such stereotypes (assumptions, views, or impressions (images) that are growing stronger in a society that generally negative about the group / specific community within the community) and anihilation (tendency of an object or a rare or waiver of certain realities in the media so that the object or the reality in question (eg a particular community) are very rare or perhaps even no (can not be found) in / through the mass media) (See, Tuchman, 1987;Perkins (1979) in Jones and Jones, 1999:105). 

Branston and Staffors (1996), for example, as cited by Jones and Jones (1999:104) reveals that the process involves the representation of aspects of a political issue in the media construct reality is therefore more likely to be ideological. In fact, several studies such as those conducted by Richardson (2001), Alvarado et. al (1987), and Meehan (1983) showed this trend (Jones and Jones, 1999). 

Given these things, this study gives an overview of how the trend of the representation of female politicians on television as well as assessment / view of the audience (the presence of women in politics, mass media, especially television role in encouraging / promoting the idea of ​​women's representation in parliament), and the correlation between socio-demographic variables (particularly age and education level) with the assessment of the presence of women in politics. 


RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 

This study is descriptive (describing symptoms) by the method of analysis of media (media analysis) and the survey. Researchers conducted a tracing of the representation of female politicians on TV and the assessment / view audience (the presence of women in politics, mass media, especially television role in encouraging / promoting the idea of ​​women's representation in parliament), and the correlation between socio-demographic variables (especially age and leveleducation) with the assessment of the presence of women in politics. 

Research by the method of analysis is done by looking at a variety of media coverage and talk show television show in Indonesia. Then take notes and analysis both on the content or the content of messages and how messages conveyed (Pawito, 2007). In this connection the observations were made mainly on the period of the 2009 legislative election campaign rallies that took place March 6 to 5 April 2009. 

While the methods of the survey conducted on 80 selected respondents incidentally in Surakarta, especially in the Village Gajahan Kliwon Market District. This amount is taken to examine at least in part as a sample population that is at least to some degree representative of the population (Watt and van den Berg, 1995: 352; Babbie, 1979: 316). 


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Based on the analysis of media and departed from the existing data we can conclude that there is a general trend of political representation of women on television that showed that television news is not / less extensive display of women politicians in the 2009 legislative elections. 

Thus annihilation tendency can be seen for example by the fact that television news regarding the 2009 elections legisaltif is dominated by male politicians and male politicians are rarely raised. It thus seems to be caused partly by the number of female politicians because it is much smaller in number than the number of male politicians, and the activities of female politicians who could appear on television because it is also much smaller in number. 

Starting from this fact it can be said that in the context of political life, particularly with regard to the 2009 legislative elections in Indonesia, the findings of Tuchman (1978) about the trend is very close the gap between the appearance of men with women in television, particularly in the context of this study was emergence of male politicians and women in politics in television news, it appears that obtaining justification. 

However, this does not mean that television news broadcast that never has an element of female politicians. Female candidates of celebrities caught up, for example, though not too often, in television news. Occurrences at a glance (about 30 seconds) on the television screen, especially when accompanied by a narrative of the campaign news anchor, as it marks the appearance of imperfections annihilation of women politicians on television. Occurrences Meutia Farida Hatta Swasono (Chairman of the Justice and Unity Party of Indonesia / PKPI) on various television news, for example, also the appearance of Rieke Dyah Pitaloka (candidates for the House of Representatives of the PDIP), Nurul Arifin (legisltif candidate for the House of Representatives of the Golkar party), and Yasmin Muntaz (candidates for the House of Representatives of the National Mandate Party / PAN) can be presented as an example. Interesting thing that seems to be an exception is kerapnya Megawati Sukarnoputri as well Puan Maharani amplified by television. 

Later the same trend that the appearance of female politicians on television in a variety talk show mengamplifikasi figures more well-known celebrities in the community (a popular figure in the community). For example, it can be seen on Global TV Friday March 27, 2009 edition at 20.00, on a talk show that is labeled Stage featuring the Democratic candidates from among the celebrities in which no women candidates in the House of Representatives Raslina Rasiddin (legislative candidate from the National Mandate Party / PAN) and Oky Asokawati (legislative candidate from the United Development Party / PPP). In addition they are both present as well in this event Tengku Firmansyah (male candidates of the National Awakening Party / PKB). 

Or example, shows an interesting television talk show for next analyzed the talk show broadcast by TVRI Tuesday, March 24, 2009 primetime. This event is direct (live) and interactive - in the studio audience and viewers at home can ask a question or comment. The event, named Pro Political Party (Political Profiles) in this issue explore the topic of Women in Politics. PPP typical musical interlude inserted to show the variations and reduce boredom. Candidates that were presented at this event were all women candidates for the House of Representatives of the United Development Party (PPP), which Dr. Reni Marlinawati No Caleg PPP. 1 Dapil jabar IV, Dr. Wk Nurkholisoh DPP Secretary General PPP, and Hj. Ruth Sanggarwati, SE No. Caleg PPP. 1 Dapil Java I. 

But presumably it can be said that aired the show is intended to improve the image of the PPP and the role that gives confidence to women when PPP is widely known as mass-based political party of Islam. 

In the context of media analysis can be said that women are represented as figures of politicians with the confidence to strive for the advancement of the nation and also at the same time fighting for equal rights with men in the political arena, although still has a tendency, as more mengamplifikasi kecenderuan female politicians from the artist / celebrity. 

Further research findings through the survey results can be described in terms of (1) assessment of the presence of women in politics, the majority of respondents (60%) had a vision / judgment that the presence of women in institutions or people's representative institution of parliament (a member of Parliament, DPD, the DPRD I and D II DPR) is a necessity / inevitability when viewed from the general interest of nation building / area. This strengthening memdapat majority (87.5%) where respondents stated that being a female politician sitting in a chair with people's representative institutions are not accusatory nature of women. 

(2) the role of television in mengamplifikasi idea of ​​women's representation, that the respondents are relatively (by a margin of a thin figure) has the view that television has a significant role in supporting or promoting the idea the idea of ​​women's representation in parliament. It thus can be seen by the fact that there are 30 numbers of 80 respondents (37.5%) who have that view compared with 28 people (30%) of respondents who felt uncertain, and the remaining 22 (27.5%) hadotherwise assessment (television not / has not significantly support or promote the idea of ​​women's representation in parliament. Then, as the findings of the analysis of media, most respondents in survey research (40%) doubted that television represents women politicians adequately. 

(3) correlation of socio-demographic variables with the assessment of the presence of women in politics (which in terms of age and education). Respondents were relatively young age (17-40 years) tend to have a judgment that the presence of women in real people's representative institutions is a must when seen from the interests of nation building in general. There are 30 people (out of 52 people; 57.7%) having such judgments. However, most respondents are relatively old age (41 years or more) are also likely to have the same assessment. This is evident in the fact that 18 of 28 people (64.3%) have such judgments. The same was found when judging the security aspirations of women's rights, most respondents are relatively young age (22 of 52 people (42.3%, n = 52) tends to a positive outlook on women's presence in people's representative institutions can better ensure compliance with aspirations and rights of women. Likewise a similar trend is also present in relatively old aged respondents. There are 16 of 28 people (57.1%) of respondents have a relatively old age of such assessments. So it can be said variable relative age did not correlate with assessment. Moreover, both the male respondents and women are equally likely to have a judgment that the presence of women in representative institutions of the people is a necessity and importance to guarantee the representation of the aspirations of the rights of women in parliament. 

However, one sees an interesting finding when viewed from the correlation with education assessment in which most of the less educated respondents (9 of 13 people, 69.2%) had a judgment that the presence of women in parliament (people's representative institutions) is a must see from the interests of development nation.Later the same trend also occurred in medium-educated respondents. There are 29 of 47 people (61.7%) middle-educated respondents have a view like that.Furthermore the respondents with high education (Diploma or Degree level) is divided into two groups of the same assessment of the amount that each of the 10 people (50%, n = 20) for respondents who have judgment and should not be. 

Similarly, assessment of the trend decline in the representation of the aspirations of security guarantees the rights of women in parliament is seen from the correlation of education. Where most of the less educated respondents (8 of 13 people, 61.5%) had a judgment that the presence of women in representative institutions of the people can better ensure the fulfillment of the aspirations and rights of women.Then, too many middle-educated respondents (22 of 47 people, 46.8%) also tend to have similar views. Later in the college-educated respondents are 8 of 20 people (40%) who had a similar assessment. The trend decline in the percentage of 61.5% and then decreased to 46.8% and finally decreased again to 40% on the assessment does not / is not necessarily of less educated respondents and then moves to a higher level of education. 

If the observed kecedenderungan consistent decline in the percentage of low to higher education related to the assessment that the presence of women in parliamentary institutions is a must, ie from 69.2% to 61.7% and then finally to 50% and also decreased from the guarantee the representation of the aspirations of assessment of women's rights in the parliament of 61.5% and 46.8% and finally to 40% would be interpreted that the factor or variable levels of education seem to have a correlation with penialian or the view that the presence of women in representative institutions of the people will can better ensure the fulfillment of the aspirations and rights of women. In this connection it seems a tendency that respondents with lower education levels tend to view positively to such a judgment while the respondent is a higher level of education seem more skeptical / critical. 



CONCLUSION 

Television in the present representation of female politicians is characterized by several things, namely annihilation (less tendency / rare) female politicians in the news (except Megawati Sukarnoputri and Puan Maharani). Furthermore it can be said that the representation of female politicians on television more often found in a variety talk show. However, the representation of female politicians over female politicians dominated by artists and celebrities such as former Oky Asokawati (former model and sitcom actress, PPP), Ruth Sanggarwati (a former model, PPP), Nurul Arifin (former film, Golkar) and Rieke Dyah Pitaloka ( sitcom actress, PDIP). 

The findings were further amplified by the results of research conducted a survey in which respondents (women voters) generally do not believe the mass media, especially television role in helping to support the idea of ​​women's representation (quota 30%) in parliament. A total of 28 people (35%) of respondents said that free and 22 (27.5%) others say television does not help to support the idea of ​​women's representation in parliament and only 30 people (37.5%) of respondents who have a judgment that television has helped support the idea them. 

In terms of socio-demographic variables correlations, it can be concluded that the relative age variables did not correlate with the assessment. Where both the male respondents and women are equally likely to have a judgment that the presence of women in representative institutions of the people is a necessity and importance to guarantee the representation of the aspirations of the rights of women in parliament. However, the results are inversely proportional if the judging of educational variables with the known higher education will affect the level of assessment. 


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Jones, Marsha Jones and Emma. Of 1999. Mass Media. Houndmills, Basingstok, 

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[1] Widodo Muktiyo the Faculty of Communication Sciences Studies Program, FISIP, University of March, Surakarta. 

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